Plague - plague: [noun] a disastrous evil or affliction : calamity. a destructively numerous influx or multiplication of a noxious animal : infestation.

 
The Plague Disease and Plague as a Bioweapon sections of this Safety and Health Topic provide extensive information on the hazards associated with plague and applicable controls. Additional guidance specific to various types of workers, and associated issues on recognizing and controlling exposure to plague is provided in the following sections .... Truman

Before covid-19, this was the world’s most recent pandemic, infecting as much as 21 percent of the world’s population. Swine flu was a hodgepodge of several different flu strains that had ...Before covid-19, this was the world’s most recent pandemic, infecting as much as 21 percent of the world’s population. Swine flu was a hodgepodge of several different flu strains that had ...Jun 15, 2023 · The disease is most common in parts of Africa, Asia and South America, but it also occurs in some areas of the western United States. Symptoms can include an abrupt onset of chills, fever, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes (buboes). Most cases of plague resolve with effective treatment, though treatment must be started immediately to avoid life ... Methods. CDC developed these guidelines after reviewing existing data on treatment and prophylaxis of plague, collecting and summarizing additional evidence, and gathering input from approximately 90 experts in numerous fields, including infectious diseases, emergency medicine, pharmacology, neonatology, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, microbiology, epidemiology, and crisis standards of ...Plague should be considered in any patient with clinical signs of plague and a recent history of residence in or travel to the western United States or other plague endemic areas. Bubonic plague is the most common primary manifestation, with a bubo usually occurring in the groin, axilla, or cervical nodes.Here’s how five of the world’s worst pandemics finally ended. 1. Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die. Yersinia pestis, formerly pasteurella pestis, was the bacteria responsible for the ...Bubonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when an infected flea bites a person or when materials that have plague bacteria enter through a break (a cut or sore) in a person's skin. This is the most common form of plague. Pneumonic plague: Humans can come into contact with plague when a person breathes in plague bacteria from the air.Mar 17, 2020 · The plague resurfaced roughly every 10 years from 1348 to 1665—40 outbreaks in just over 300 years. And with each new plague epidemic, 20 percent of the men, women and children living in the ... The Plague. The first outbreak of plague swept across England in 1348-49. It seems to have travelled across the south in bubonic form during the summer months of 1348, before mutating into the ...This plague struck the earth, mainly Europe and Asia, from around 1346 to 1353. The plague killed between 75 and 200 million people. The cause of the plague was a bacterium called Yersinia pestis ...The bubonic plague - named the Black Death by later historians - was caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria, which lived in rodent populations and was spread by fleas that had bitten infected animals. Once the plague transferred to animals that were in close contact with humans and to humans themselves, it began to spread along established ...Pneumonic plague transmission Although plague can sometimes spread from person to person, this is rare.1 A person who has pneumonia caused by plague may cough up droplets that contain plague bacteria. These bacteria-containing droplets can cause pneumonic plague if they are breathed in by another person nearby.The plague bacteria can be transmitted to humans in the following ways: Flea bites. Plague bacteria are most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. During plague epizootics, many rodents die, causing hungry fleas to seek other sources of blood. People and animals that visit places where rodents have recently died from plague are at ...Over 80% of United States plague cases have been the bubonic form. In recent decades, an average of seven human plague cases have been reported each year (range: 1–17 cases per year). Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12–45. It occurs in both men and women, though ...Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Plague. Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. People usually get plague from the bite of a rodent flea that is carrying plague bacteria or by handling an infected animal. Although plague is a rare disease, about half of US cases each year occur in New Mexico. Antibiotics are effective ... Mar 12, 2020 · In the 17th century, people believed these outfits could purify poisonous air. They were wrong. During the 17th-century European plague, physicians wore beaked masks, leather gloves, and long ... Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and the only form that can spread from person to person. As a result of a bioterrorist attack, sick people would likely be seen outside the areas where plague naturally occurs due to the potential for release in other areas and person-to-person spread between close contacts.The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ...Feb 28, 2022 · The plague is a serious bacterial infection that can be deadly. Sometimes referred to as the “black plague,” the disease is caused by a bacterial strain called Yersinia pestis.This bacterium ... Sep 7, 2023 · Blurbs expose this ecosystem for what it really is: a nepotism-filled system that everyone endures for a chance of “making it” in an impossible industry for most. To borrow a phrase from ... Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Plague Inc. is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation with over 700 million games played! Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero'. Now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself.plague ý nghĩa, định nghĩa, plague là gì: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: 2. to annoy…. Tìm hiểu thêm. Jul 6, 2020 · Bubonic plague, the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck. The skin sores become black, leading to ... Plague is a febrile illness that typically manifests into one or more clinical syndromes, often reflecting the route of exposure to the bacterium. These clinical syndromes include bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Several classes of antibiotics are effective against plague. Plague can be rapidly fatal if appropriate antimicrobial ...List of epidemics and pandemics. 17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria, between 1632 and 1635. This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease. The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ...Plague is a serious illness caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. The germs mostly live in small rodents and their fleas. The most common way for humans to get plague is a flea bite. Plague is a rare disease. The illness mostly occurs in only a few countries around the world.Nov 15, 2021 · Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ... PLAGUE. Plague is a disease of rodents and their fleas that can be transmitted to humans. Throughout history, plague, often referred to as the " Black Death ," has caused catastrophic pandemics resulting in deaths of tens of millions of persons. The disease is caused by a gram-negative bacterium, Yersinia pestis.Nov 15, 2021 · Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ... Play Plague Inc. Online in Browser. Plague Inc. is a simulation game developed by Miniclip.com and now.gg allows playing game online in your browser. There are many more interesting online games that you can explore here. READ MORE FAQs.Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact with infected tissues, and inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 60% for the bubonic type, and is always fatal for the pneumonic kind when left untreated.Treatment for plague begins as soon as the health care provider suspects the disease. Treatment is typically done in the hospital. Antibiotics that may be used include the following: Gentamicin. Doxycycline (Monodox, Vibramycin, others). Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Levofloxacin. Moxifloxacin (Avelox). Chloramphenicol.The Plague Disease and Plague as a Bioweapon sections of this Safety and Health Topic provide extensive information on the hazards associated with plague and applicable controls. Additional guidance specific to various types of workers, and associated issues on recognizing and controlling exposure to plague is provided in the following sections ... The Black Death was a devastating global epidemic of bubonic plague that struck Europe and Asia in the mid-1300s. Explore the facts of the plague, the symptoms it caused and how millions died...plague翻译:不斷困擾;折磨;使受煎熬, (尤指因不停提問而)使煩惱,打攪, 瘟疫。了解更多。The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Feb 28, 2022 · The plague is a serious bacterial infection that can be deadly. Sometimes referred to as the “black plague,” the disease is caused by a bacterial strain called Yersinia pestis.This bacterium ... Black Death, pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time. The Black Death is widely thought to have been the result of plague, caused by infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis.Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ...3. The Italian Plague of 1629-31. Even after the Black Death ended, the bubonic plague continued to sporadically rear its ugly head in Europe for several centuries. One of the most calamitous ...Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ...Plague, infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas. Plague has caused some of the most-devastating epidemics in history. It was the disease behind the Black Death of the 14th century, when as much as one-third of Europe’s population died.plague n. (infestation of insects or rats) invasion nf. (de moustiques, sauterelles,...) nuée nf. The citizens of Hamlin called on the services of the Pied Piper because of a plague of rats. Les citoyens de la ville de Hamelin ont fait appel au service du joueur de flûte à cause d'une invasion de rats. plague n.Plague - Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicaemic: Plague is an ancient disease that was described during Classical times as occurring in North Africa and the Middle East. It is sometimes presumed to be the disease behind several historic epidemics, such as the pestilence described as striking the Philistines in the biblical book of 1 Samuel.In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ... Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ...Plague Inc: Evolved is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation. Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero' - now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself. Recent Reviews: Overwhelmingly Positive (361) "Plague is a must-read book so revolutionary in its implications that its author courageously faced character assassination and unlawful incarceration to keep her findings from being relegated to the dustbin of medical history. Riveting, if not at times paradigm shifting, this book reveals a dark side to modern mediPlague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Apr 7, 2020 · Experts believe that the name “Black Plague” was a mistranslation of the Latin word “atra mors” which could mean either “terrible” or “black.”. It was originally estimated that on average, a third of the population of affected areas was wiped out by the plague over its most destructive decade between 1346 and 1353, but other ... Plague - Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicaemic: Plague is an ancient disease that was described during Classical times as occurring in North Africa and the Middle East. It is sometimes presumed to be the disease behind several historic epidemics, such as the pestilence described as striking the Philistines in the biblical book of 1 Samuel.Jun 15, 2023 · The disease is most common in parts of Africa, Asia and South America, but it also occurs in some areas of the western United States. Symptoms can include an abrupt onset of chills, fever, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes (buboes). Most cases of plague resolve with effective treatment, though treatment must be started immediately to avoid life ... Methods. CDC developed these guidelines after reviewing existing data on treatment and prophylaxis of plague, collecting and summarizing additional evidence, and gathering input from approximately 90 experts in numerous fields, including infectious diseases, emergency medicine, pharmacology, neonatology, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, microbiology, epidemiology, and crisis standards of ...Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ...Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfortOver 80% of United States plague cases have been the bubonic form. In recent decades, an average of seven human plague cases have been reported each year (range: 1–17 cases per year). Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12–45. It occurs in both men and women, though ...Nov 27, 2018 · New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) Sep 7, 2023 · Blurbs expose this ecosystem for what it really is: a nepotism-filled system that everyone endures for a chance of “making it” in an impossible industry for most. To borrow a phrase from ... plague of [sth] n. figurative ( [sth] bad and persistent) serie, ondata nf. Anna has suffered a plague of misfortunes. Anna è stata vittima di una serie di disgrazie. plague [sb/sth] ⇒ vtr. figurative, often passive (afflict) (figurato) flagellare ⇒ vtr. That country has been plagued by misfortune. Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfort Sep 7, 2023 · Blurbs expose this ecosystem for what it really is: a nepotism-filled system that everyone endures for a chance of “making it” in an impossible industry for most. To borrow a phrase from ... FIG 1. Transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of plague. Plague is a zoonotic disease caused by Yersinia pestis, whose natural life cycle includes rodents and fleas. Plague can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected flea, close contact with animals suffering from plague, or respiratory droplets of an infected ...Here’s how five of the world’s worst pandemics finally ended. 1. Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die. Yersinia pestis, formerly pasteurella pestis, was the bacteria responsible for the ...Plague should be considered in any patient with clinical signs of plague and a recent history of residence in or travel to the western United States or other plague endemic areas. Bubonic plague is the most common primary manifestation, with a bubo usually occurring in the groin, axilla, or cervical nodes.Plague is a plausible diagnosis for people who are sick and live in, or have recently traveled to, the western United States or any other plague-endemic area. The most common sign of bubonic plague is the rapid development of a swollen and painful lymph gland called a bubo. A known flea bite or the presence of a bubo may help a doctor to ...Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfortEvidence suggests Washtenaw County’s criminal legal system is rife with disparities based on race, and those are among the 65 recommendations of a sprawling new report released on Aug. 31 that ...Aug 29, 2023 · Plague, infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a bacterium transmitted from rodents to humans by the bite of infected fleas. Plague has caused some of the most-devastating epidemics in history. It was the disease behind the Black Death of the 14th century, when as much as one-third of Europe’s population died. Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfortThe bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Jul 9, 2021 · Bioterrorism. Plague is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness in people living in rural areas of the western United States and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and people usually get plague after being bitten by an infected flea or handling an infected animal. It is possible ... Plague definition, an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence. See more. Jul 22, 2021 · The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ... Aug 6, 2021 · Plague is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague. Plague is infamous for killing millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages. The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (541–549 AD) was a bubonic plague epidemic and the first recorded major outbreak of the first plague pandemic: the first Old World pandemic of plague, the contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The disease afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East ...The Plague Runeword is a Weapon Runeword in Diablo II: Resurrected Patch 2.7 & Ladder Season 4, introduced in the Patch 2.4 Ladder Season 1. In this guide, we will give you quick facts about Plague, strengths and weaknesses, best classes and specs, best Mercenary use, best socketed base items to use to create this Runeword, and hints for farming the necessary Runes.What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects rodents (e.g., squirrels, prairie dogs, or mice), other mammals (e.g., rabbits or hares), and humans. These bacteria are found in many areas of the world, including the western United States. There are three forms of plague: bubonic (lymph node infection), pneumonic (lung […]Experts believe that the name “Black Plague” was a mistranslation of the Latin word “atra mors” which could mean either “terrible” or “black.”. It was originally estimated that on average, a third of the population of affected areas was wiped out by the plague over its most destructive decade between 1346 and 1353, but other ...The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days.Aug 29, 2023 · The Latin word also is the source of Old Irish plag (genitive plaige) "plague, pestilence," German Plage, Dutch plaage. Meaning "epidemic that causes many deaths" is from 1540s; specifically in reference to bubonic plague from c. 1600. Modern spelling follows French, which had plague from 15c. Weakened sense of "anything annoying" is from c. 1600. Plague is an illness you get from Yersinia pestis bacterium. You usually get the most common form (bubonic plague) from flea bites, but you can get pneumonic plague from someone who’s infected. Plague caused deadly pandemics in the past and still exists in many countries today. You can survive plague if you’re treated with antibiotics quickly. Background. There are three types of plague. Most of the sick in 1665-1666 had bubonic plague. This created swellings (buboes) in the lymph nodes found in the armpits, groin and neck. Plague sufferers experienced headaches, vomiting and fever. They had a 30% chance of dying within two weeks. Find 86 ways to say PLAGUE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.

The Crossword Solver found 60 answers to "plague", 4 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Enter a Crossword Clue.. G50 1064 04 016

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Find 86 ways to say PLAGUE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Nov 16, 2022 · Over 80% of United States plague cases have been the bubonic form. In recent decades, an average of seven human plague cases have been reported each year (range: 1–17 cases per year). Plague has occurred in people of all ages (infants up to age 96), though 50% of cases occur in people ages 12–45. It occurs in both men and women, though ... The Plague. The first outbreak of plague swept across England in 1348-49. It seems to have travelled across the south in bubonic form during the summer months of 1348, before mutating into the ...The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms.People infected with plague usually develop influenza-like symptoms after an incubation period of 3–7 days. Symptoms include fever, chills, aches, weakness, vomiting and nausea. There are 3 main forms of plague. Bubonic plague is the most common and is caused by the bite of an infected flea.Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and the only form that can spread from person to person. As a result of a bioterrorist attack, sick people would likely be seen outside the areas where plague naturally occurs due to the potential for release in other areas and person-to-person spread between close contacts. Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2]Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfort Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ...Florida Health. Disease Control. [email protected]. 850-245-4444. Florida Health. 4052 Bald Cypress Way. Tallahassee, FL 32399. Plague is an acute, bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative bacteria that is transmitted from rodent to rodent by infected fleas.Collection. by Mark Cartwright. published on 26 March 2020. Plagues have swept through humanity ever since communities have gathered together in concentrated groups. In this collection of resources, we look at just some of the pandemics that raged throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, from the plague that ripped through Athens in the 5th ...Definition of plague. a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal; an annoyance; "those children are a damn plague"; any epidemic disease with a high death rate; any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God) The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. and Avignon ...Jul 7, 2022 · Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through: the bite of infected vector fleas. unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials. .

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